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The Facts About Income Taxes

Introduction

Taxation is a complex system that affects every aspect of our lives – from the goods and services we purchase to the money we earn. One of the most significant forms of taxation is income tax. This is a tax that is charged on an individual’s income, profits or gains from business or employment, and other sources of wealth. While income taxes are widespread across the world, there exist several misconceptions about the topic. This article will examine the facts about income taxes, including their history, how they work, and the different types of income taxes that exist.

History of Income Taxes

Income taxes have been in existence since ancient times. The earliest known record of income tax dates back to Egypt around 3000 BC. In those days, taxes were collected in kind or labor. The Romans had a similar system, where they levied taxes on property owners, traded goods, and manumitted slaves. In modern times, the first direct income tax was levied in Great Britain in 1799. Shortly after, in 1803, the United States enacted a federal income tax to finance the war against France. However, the federal income tax was deemed unconstitutional and repealed in 1817.

The first constitutional amendment in the United States that allowed for the income tax was passed in 1913. This amendment authorized Congress to tax personal incomes without apportioning the revenue among the states. Thus, the 16th Amendment established the federal income tax as we know it today.

How Income Taxes Work

The United States’ income tax system operates on a “”pay-as-you-go”” basis. This means that individuals must pay their taxes throughout the year, rather than all at once at the end of the year. This is done through tax withholdings. When an employer pays an employee, they must withhold a portion of the employee’s wages and pay that to the government as income tax.

The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) is the government agency responsible for collecting and enforcing the federal income tax. The IRS uses a system of tax brackets, which determines what percentage of income individuals must pay in tax. Tax brackets are divided into different ranges of income, with each range charged at a different tax rate. The current tax brackets for individuals in the United States are as follows:

– 10% on income up to $9,950
– 12% on income between $9,951 and $40,525
– 22% on income between $40,526 and $86,375
– 24% on income between $86,376 and $164,925
– 32% on income between $164,926 and $209,425
– 35% on income between $209,426 and $523,600
– 37% on income over $523,601

Types of Income Taxes

While the federal income tax is the most common type of income tax in the United States, several other types exist. These taxes vary in their application and purpose. Below are the most common types of income taxes:

1. State Income Taxes

In addition to the federal income tax, some states also levy income taxes on residents. These taxes operate on the same principles as the federal income tax, with the rate varying by state. Seven states have no state income tax: Alaska, Florida, Nevada, South Dakota, Texas, Washington, and Wyoming. Two other states, New Hampshire and Tennessee, only tax dividends and interest income.

2. Local Income Taxes

Many cities and municipalities levy income taxes on residents in addition to state and federal taxes. These taxes are generally used to pay for local services such as schools and public works projects. Local income taxes vary widely by city and are usually applied as a percentage of gross income.

3. Payroll Taxes

Payroll taxes are taxes paid by employees and employers to fund the federal social security and Medicare programs. These taxes are generally fixed at a specific percentage of an employee’s wages and are split between the employee and the employer. Employers are responsible for paying half of the payroll tax, while employees pay the other half.

4. Capital Gains Taxes

Capital gains taxes are taxes paid on profits from the sale of property, investments, and other assets. Capital gains taxes are generally lower than income taxes, with the current rate ranging from 0 to 20% depending on the amount of profit made.

5. Estate and Inheritance Taxes

Estate and inheritance taxes are taxes paid on the value of someone’s estate or an inheritance after they die. These taxes vary by state, but there is also a federal estate tax that applies to estates valued over $11.4 million.

Common Tax Myths

Taxation is a divisive topic, and many people hold misconceptions about income tax laws and policies. Below are some common myths about income taxes:

1. Everyone Pays the Same Tax Rate

One of the most common myths about income taxes is that everyone pays the same tax rate. In reality, income taxes are progressive, which means that those with higher incomes pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes than those with lower incomes.

2. Tax Refunds Are Free Money

While tax refunds may feel like free money, they are simply a return of the money that was overpaid in taxes throughout the year. Tax refunds are not a gift from the government, but rather a return of your own money.

3. Filing for an Extension Means You Don’t Have to Pay Taxes

While you can file for an extension to submit your tax return, you still must pay any income taxes owed by the filing deadline. Failure to pay your taxes on time will result in penalties and interest.

4. Income Taxes Pay for Everything the Government Does

While income taxes do fund many government programs and services, they are not the only source of revenue. In addition to income taxes, the government also raises revenue through corporate taxes, sales taxes, tariffs, and other fees and charges.

Conclusion

Income taxes are a crucial component of modern society, and it is essential to understand how they work and their history to avoid the common myths and misconceptions that exist around them. While the United States’ income tax system is quite complex, understanding its basic principles can help individuals avoid penalties and ensure that they are paying their fair share.


The United States Federal Income Tax is a progressive model which adjusts tax rates based on the individual taxpayer’s annual income. As a result of this model, those who earn more money will be taxed at higher rates.

The rates associated with the model will fluctuate based on the underlying political party’s agenda and interpretation of tax law and various economic factors such as wage rates and inflation. Regardless of the rates, all individuals who earn an income and who are above the age of 18 years old must file an income tax statement with the Internal Revenue Service’s Department.

The income tax brackets are established as the rate the taxpayer pays on the “last dollar” they earn. The income tax is not levied based on a dollar figure, but instead, as a percentage of the individual’s income. In 2010, the lowest tax bracket which was any income from $0 to $8,375 was taxed at a rate of 10%. As a result of this figure, there is no minimum annual income for which a person is required to file an income tax. If an individual obtains an income, whether through employment or a government program, they will be forced to pay an income tax.